What are the three most common orthopedic presentations of the shoulder and the major test used to evaluate them?

Glenohumeral joint instability

• Glenohumeral apprehension test

Rotator cuff injury

• Apley’s scratch test
• Codman’s (drop-arm) test
• Hawkins-Kennedy (Neer’s) test

Bicipital instability

• Lippman’s test 
• Speed’s test
• Yergason’s test

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This post was written by Omar Rifai